The largest part of the items within the Archaeology Collection are a result of the researches done by the museum’s own researchers starting since 1928. They can be divided into two large categories:

1. The Prehistoric and Ancient Archaeology Section which is comprised of over 2400 items, belonging to the Prehistoric Era (360 pieces), the Bronze Age (112 pieces), the Dacian Era (96 pieces), the Greek Era (79 pieces) and the Roman Era (691 pieces). There are also 441 moulds and reconstructions within the collection. Among the most valuable items we may mention the Neolithic marble anthropomorphic idol, from Reșca-Romula (Dobrosoloveni, Olt County), the bronze votive plate from Polovragi (Vâlcea District) which contains the oldest representation of the Thracian or Danube Knight known so far (1^st century B.C.), the marble votive plate illustrating the first representation of the Dalmatian goddess Dardanike (2^nd-3^rd centuries A.D.) also discovered at Reșca-Romula in 1975 or the Christian inscribed ceramic vase (3rd century A.D.) discovered in Copăceni (Vâlcea District).
2. The Medieval and Modern Archaeology Section contains the objects found mostly by studying several medieval fortifications, monasteries or cities, as well as nobiliary or princely courts and villages, which exist no longer. The archaeological material is especially made up of ironmongery, ceramics, bone elements, coins, jewellery, glasswork, stonework and, in an exceptional way, organic mater or gun powder. The most numerous items are the ceramic ones, which vary by putty composition, burning procedures, shapes, decorations and usage. Another category, important for the everyday life, including the military one, is comprised by terracotta, ceramic plates used in stove building, which were also used as decorative elements on the exterior or the interior of dwellings. Special examples were discovered in Roman (Neamț County) or from Cetatea Chioariului (Maramureș District).